This essay is some one hundred and fifty years late. Events since, some fortunate, most unfortunate, have blurred the differences between the great schools of thought that developed in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century.
Doubtless, the Satmar Rebbe (R. Yoel Teitelbaum) had this blurring in mind when he is said to have remarked that he himself was the last true Chasid, and that the Brisker Rav (R. Yitzchak Ze'ev Soloveischik) had been the last true Misnaged.[1] It is said that the Satmar Rebbe explained the devolution of both Chassidus and Misnagdus with the following parable:[2]
Once there was a woman whose husband would only eat fleishig (meat dishes), which she dusifully prepared for him. Their daughter came to marry a man who would only eat milchig (dairy dishes). Not wanting to deprive her son in law, the mosher in law prepared for him, as well, the food he craved. For several years this practice continued, with father and son in law eating in separate rooms.
Now, it came to pass that the family became impoverished and could afford neisher fleishig nor milchig. The woman was compelled to cook potatoes for both her husband and son in law. Nevertheless, the two continued their custom to eat in separate rooms. After several years elapsed in this manner, the two realized that there was, indeed, no point in their remaining separated and finally came to dine together.
Nevertheless, as we all strive to enhance our individual and collective Avodas Hashem (divine service), it is worthwhile - perhaps essential - to know what we might choose as our goal or aspiration.
The nature of that goal has been the subject of a debate that has raged since the middle of the eighteenth century, when Eastern European Jewry erupted into the controversy surrounding Chassidus. Henceforth, the Ashkenazic Jewish world divided along the lines of Chassidus vs. Misnagdus. To be sure, there are other, significant trends in Judaism, including the (Hirschian) Torah im Derech Eretz school and, of course, many rich variations of Sephardic Avodas Hashem. The most blatant divide, however, is along the Chassidic/Misnagdic fault line. It is this line that we will attempt here to delineate.
But before we really begin: Caveat emptor! It would be the epitome of presumptuousness to purport that a short (or even long) essay might succinctly and precisely capture the distinctions between these schools of Avodas Hashem. We intend to examine a relatively narrow bandwidth of the differences, focussing more on exemplary thinkers and Ovdei Hashem (paragons of Avodas Hashem) who grappled with these distinctions in their personal struggles to formulate their own pathways in the hope that the reader will use these distinctions as a springboard for contemplation and understanding. In this effort, we follow in the footsteps of R. Dessler, the Michtav Me'Eliyahu, (in a recently published essay[3]) and others who pursued a simplified definition of differences, for reasons R. Dessler eloquently expresses.
We must begin our conversation with a definition of the "newer" Chassidic model of Avodas Hashem. The reason for this is simple: Existing philosophies are often forced to articulate their defining characteristics only when faced by a new challenge. This seems to be the case with Misnagdus. Despite its earlier origin, it was only forced to define itself as a philosophy when it came to battle the revolutionary Chassidic movement. The very term Misnaged can only be understood if one knows the context of Chassidus. Its meaning, "Opponent," is only intelligible if one realizes toward what the opposition was directed.
Chassidus itself divided into two significant camps, that of "mainstream" Chassidus, and that of Chabad. Each side argued that its respective derech (pathway in Judaism) was the most accurate reflection of the Ba'al Shem Tov's (R. Yisrael, the founder of Chassidus, also known as the Besht - an acronym for Ba'al Shem Tov) novel approach to Avodas Hashem. What was that approach and what did each side represent as the means of implementing that approach?
These points are discussed at length by the Piascezner Rebbe, R. Klonymus Kalmish Shapiro (author of the Chovat HaTalmidim) in his work, the Mevo HaShe'arim (Chap. 5).[4] The Piascezner writes that the Besht radically changed the world by affording much wider access to dveykus - a strong awareness of connection - with G-d. Prior to the advent of Chassidus, accomplishing dveykus required an individual to access the secret world of the Mekubbalim (Kabbalistic masters). The prerequisites for initiation into those secrets and that society were harsh and demanding. Fasting, self affliction, separation from general society, and other forms of ascetic behavior were required. Only those who had undergone such preliminaries, and had then been accepted as the select students of the Masters of each generation, could access the body of wisdom and practice that allowed one to relate to G-d in a powerful and direct manner.
The Ari (the great 16th century Kabbalist, R. Yitzchak Luria) and the Or HaChaim HaKadosh (the great 17th century commentator, R. Chaim b. Attar) began to ease access to this body of knowledge and practice, a point not lost on the Chassidim, who cherish the works of these individuals. It was the Besht, however, who completed the revolution. From the perspective of the Chassidim, the Besht was the first to introduce the means and tools for even the most common, simple Jew to experience dveykus to G-d. (An integral feature of Chassidus is the Chassidic tale. One of the focal themes of those tales is the capacity of even the most ignorant Jew, who is but sincere and pure hearted, to connect to G-d and stir the Heavens to a greater extent than the most accomplished scholar and saint.)
The salient internal issue in Chassidus became how best to achieve that dveykus. The mainstream of Chassidus stressed fervor and emosion in Avoda and Emuna Peshuta - simple, pure, experiential faith in G-d - as the best tools for this endeavor. It posited that the sanctity of a Jewish neshama (soul) and its potential to connect to G-d is far too great for man's intellect to grasp or perceive. G-d, rather, in His infinite wisdom and mercy, provided that the toil of simple, yet powerful Avodas Hashem would afford a Jew the possibility of tapping into lofty, uplifting kedusha (sanctity). In a pithy statement that captures the essence of this derech, the Beis Aharon of Karlin wrote that he envied the galloping horses upon which participants travel to a Bris Mila (circumcision ceremony). This approach viewed the study of Kabbala per se as significant only to the extent that it aroused Emuna Peshuta. In short, the mainstream of Chassidus emphasized Avodas Hashem with heart and deed.
Chabad Chassidus, on the other hand, stressed the mind and thought. The Ba'al HaTanya (R. Shneur Zalman of Liadi, the founder of Chabad, author of its basic tract, the Tanya) demanded of his followers that they attempt to perceive and grasp G-d's greatness with their intellects. The Ba'al HaTanya saw this direction inherent in the Besht's revolution. The Besht had revealed that even the "vessels" - the revealed, "simple" levels of the Torah, possessed the same illumination as the esoteric regions of Hashem's wisdom. While the previous Kabbalistic perspective had denigrated the revealed Torah as a "sackcloth", the Besht revealed the sanctity inherent in that sack. In the Ba'al HaTanya's famous analogy, there is little difference between one who merits to embrace the king while the monarch is dressed in few garments (the study of Kabbala) and one who merits to embrace a king clothed in more layers (the study of the revealed Torah, i.e., Shas and Poskim). Thus, even the study of "The Ox that Gored the Cow" (a well-known Talmudic subject in Bava Kamma) could now serve to enhance one's dveykus with G-d. (The Chabad acronym, representing Chochma, Bina, Da'as (Knowledge, Understanding, Wisdom) evoked this idea. Da'as (...), the result of the intellectual process (amassed knowledge, subjected to understanding leads to wisdom) also connotes connection, as in: "And the man knew [yada, ...] Chava, his wife."[5] From Chabad's perspective, since the soul rests in the mind and from there impacts on the heart, love and awe of G-d can only follow from complete intellectual awareness of Him.
The Piascezner sums it up: The Ba'al HaTanya's derech was to bring the intellectual world of Kabbala and its mystical properties down into this world. The mainstream's derech was to bring this world's inhabitants into the higher spheres via experiential Avodas Hashem.
The Piascezner then describes several important distinctions that flow from this dichosomy. Both schools of thought sought to define what it would be like to experience a taste of Gan Eden in this world. Chabad held that it could be experienced in the pleasure of knowing and understanding Hashem's illumination, while the mainstream of Chassidus defined it as the pleasure of experiencing fervor and emosion in Avodas Hashem.
Chabad, with its emphasis on bringing illumination down to our realms, feels compelled to deal with reality and existence - even if only to clarify its illusory and temporal nature. The mainstream, on the other hand denied any validity to contemplation of reality - after all, its entire goal was to get its adherents to transcend that reality, to break through the barriers between us and our Creator. In this vein, Chabad saw most people (the "beinonim" - "average people") as grounded in this world (in the Kabbalistic realm of "kelipas noga"[6]), while the mainstream of Chassidus regarded each and every Jew as potentially transcendent and utterly holy.
Chabad, with its emphasis on the intellect, bore some resemblance to the old Kabbalistic schools. The Ba'al HaTanya still saw some value in perishus (abstinence) - fasting and asceticism - the old modalities. The mainstream, with its emphasis on fervent, experiential Avodas Hashem, represented an almost complete break with the past. It saw little or no value in perishut. Abstinence, by its very nature a lack of experiences, contributed practically nothing to the pursuit of experiential proxiMisy to G-d.
(A brief Chassidic tale captures the essential divide between the two schools of thought. R. Levi Yitzchok of Berditchev's grandchild married the grandchild of the Ba'al HaTanya. When the grandfathers arrived at the wedding, they found that the doorway through which they were both to enter the hall was too narrow for both to walk through simultaneously. After futilely importuning each other to go first, the Berditchever proposed: "Let's break through the wall." The Ba'al HaTanya responded: "No, let us widen the doorway.")
R. Moshe Dovber Rivkin[7] discusses the centrality of the "Rebbe" in the respective derachim. Since the mainstream attempted to bring this world's inhabitants into the loftier realms via experiential Avoda, it was essential that someone - a Rebbe - orchestrate and direct those experiences. The Rebbe would provide the inspiration, elevation and kedusha for the Chassidim. The Rebbe's tools, in this system, consisted of both material means, such as shirayim (literally: "leftovers" - the practice in which the Rebbe partakes of a morsel of food from a dish and then distributes the remainder among those assembled at the "Tisch" - the Rebbe's table), and spiritual means, such as the Rebbe's discourses. Precisely because the goal was to inspire the heart and stimulate the deed, the means were often material. (In Hachsharas HaAvreichim 61b, the Piascezner explains the significance of mashke - the partaking of alcoholic beverages - in Chassidus as an additional means of achieving dveykus. Higher states of consciousness - reached for the sake of Avodas Hashem - are helpful in this quest.) Even the nature of a Rebbe's discourses and writings (the Rebbe's "Torah") was affected by its purpose. The Torah was meant to inspire. Often it was an integral part of the overall experience of powerful experiences such as the Tisch. That Torah, therefore, generally took the form of vertlach - snippets of insight, sparks of a divine fire. Rarely does one find the mainstream of Chassidus involved in formulating comprehensive theologies and Weltanschauungen. They were unessential.[8] The Rebbe provided the devek, the glue, of his Chassidim's dveykus.
In Chabad, however, shirayim were an anathema. They were derided as "nahama d'kesufa" (literally, "bread of shame," or, colloquially, "something for nothing.") The Rebbe's task was not to inspire and provide kedusha but rather to educate, to provide the Chochma and Bina that the Chassidim would learn, internalize and utilize to achieve their own, personal Da'as. In this system, it was imperative to spread the most profound intellectual concepts in a systematic fashion, thus allowing all adherents to achieve the intellectual devek that, by definition, each Chasid had to possess on his own.[9]
We should note that Chabad Chassidim would refer, somewhat derisively, to other Chassidim as adherents of "Chagas Chassidus." Chagas is an acronym for Chesed, Gevura, Tiferes, the three sefiros (Kabbalistic attributes of G-d) immediately below Chabad in the Kabbalistic system. While the sefiros of Chabad describe the intellect, the sefirot of Chagas describe character - middos - and emosional drives. Chabad Chassidim defined themselves as focused on intellect; Chagas Chassidim as focused on emosion. Furthermore, Chabad Chassidim saw themselves as educated to a certain independence from the Rebbe, rooted in their individual comprehension of the Chabad system. Chagas Chassidim, to their minds, were liMised by a dependency on the Rebbe to be their collective Da'as. The reader is certainly able to deduce how a "Chagas Chasid" might respond to these assertions!
Before we proceed to define Misnagdus, let us repeat the statement with which we began: This essay is late. Cross-pollination has blurred distinctions. The wholesale slaughter of some of the greatest paragons of every school has deprived us of their respective role models in true Avodas Hashem.
In Chabad, in particular, unfortunate new developments have influenced perspectives.[10] It is the two schools that we have discussed and their principles, however, that inform modern Chassidic pathways in Avodas Hashem.
At the core of both Chassidic schools is the supreme value of dveykus. The fissure that developed between Misnagdus and Chassidus concerns this value. In most Misnagdic systems, dveykus is a value, not the supreme value. In some schools of thought, it may not be a value at all. This point was clarified to me in a personal conversation with a distinguished representative of a great Misnagdic perspective. When I queried, were it possible to attain prophecy in our day and age, would it be advantageous to aspire to attain it, he responded in the negative. When I asked him to define kedusha, he replied that it means greater dikduk (meticulousness) in fulfilling Mitzvos. Finally, in answering a question as to what more intensive kavana in davening might consist of, he said that it meant a greater (intellectual) understanding of the words of our prayers.
While these positions may seem extreme in their dismissal of dveykus, they enable us to sharpen our focus.[11] If one were to subscribe to these views, what might be one's supreme value?
A Misnaged's supreme value is shleymus - perfection. G-d endowed each and every Jew with a rich reservoir of unique strengths and talents, a vast and great potential to realize. It is the development and accomplishment of as much of that potential as possible that should be the goal, aspiration and supreme value of anyone truly focused on his or her Avodas Hashem.
The mid-nineteenth century saw the development in Misnagdus of two distinct schools of thought. The Lithuanian yeshiva world, the bastion of Misnagdic Avodas Hashem, divided into two camps: Mussar and non- even anti-Mussar. While both camps valued shleymus above all else, the pathway to shleymus, perhaps even the definition thereof, was the subject of their dispute. Everyone agreed that perfection entails accomplishment in intellectual development and Halachic observance. It was also universally accepted that awe and love of G-d are essential to shleymus. Disagreement centered on the priority to be accorded to specific and focused Avodas Hashem in the development of Ahavas (love of) Hashem, Yiras (awe of) Hashem and one's ethical personality in general.
But let us return for a moment to the divide between Chassidus and Misnagdus. The distinction has many ramifications. We will note three. The first concerns the issue of Emuna Peshuta. To a Chasid, analysis of theology is a foreign, even dangerous, concept. Such analysis detracts from the powerful, simple, experiential Emuna and Avodas Hashem that are at the core of Chassidus. Intellectual analysis detracts from emosional dveykus. Even in Chabad, where understanding is key, independent exploration, as opposed to receiving and understanding, is questionable. To a Misnaged, however,[12] the more profound the intellectual perception, the greater the extent to which one has developed one's potential, the more perfect one's shleymus.
A more important example is manifest in one of the core disputes between Chassidus and Misnagdus. We ask G-d every morning to grant us the opportunity to learn His Torah "lishma." What do we mean by that request?
The interpretation of lishma is the subject of a great debate between the Besht and R. Chaim of Volozhin. The Besht[13] held that Torah lishma means the study of Torah with the purpose of achieving dveykus to G-d. The Besht, therefore, advised his followers to interrupt their studies at regular intervals in order to meditate on the dveykus that the studies allowed one to achieve. A radical illustration of this approach is provided by the story that one of the early great Chassidic leaders, the Rebbe R.Zushya of Hanipoli, once spent an entire night staring at the first line of the first mishna in Bava Metzia, so awed was he at the prospect of dveykus to G-d inherent in the Torah.
To the Besht, the study itself was almost a b'di'eved (reluctant obligation): "Although during the time one is studying it is not possible to involved in dveykus to G-d, nevertheless, one must learn, for the Torah polishes one's soul and is a tree of life to those who grasp it. If one does not learn, therefore, he cannot achieve dveykus. One's attitude must be that just as when one is asleep he cannot be involved in dveykus [but, nevertheless, one must sleep]... the time allotted for learning is no worse." The goal was the focus on G-d that study facilitated, not the focus on the study per se.
R.Chaim[14] expends a great deal of effort rejecting this approach. R.Chaim defines Torah lishma as Torah for its own sake, as complete and total immersion in study for no other purpose but the study itself. For R.Chaim, interruption of any sort - even for thoughts of dveykus - was Bittul Torah (a waste of time that might otherwise have been spent in Torah study), pure and simple. Only by studying with the greatest possible concentration, depth and breadth, could one approach shleymus.
It is opportune here to highlight one of the many major departures from our neat categorization. Several Polish branches of Chassidus, spiritual heirs of R.Bunim of Parshischa,[15] produced scholars of epic magnitude. Now, this is not to say that other branches of Chassidus were bereft of scholars and decisors of epic magnitude. But there is a subtle difference between these Polish schools on the one hand and the mainstream and Chabad schools on the other. While the Kotzker said that a Chasid is in awe of G-d, while the Misnaged is in awe of the Shulchan Aruch,[16] he also said that true pshat (simple understanding of a text) is the most profound secret in the Torah, and that while others might expound discourses intended to facilitate ascent to the seventh Heaven, he himself was of the opinion that one must convey discourses in a fashion that will penetrate the innards of the listener.[17] These schools stressed the pursuit of shleymus to a far greater extent than other branches of Chassidus.
This difference is best expressed in the example presently under discussion here, Torah lishma. The Sochatchover Rebbe[18] explores the issue in the introduction to his Eglei Tal. He writes: "The essence of the Miszvah of Torah study is to be happy, rejoice and take pleasure in one's studies. Then the words of the Torah become absorbed into his blood. Since he derives enjoyment from the words of the Torah he achieves dveykus to the Torah." He goes on to explain that the simcha in one's Torah study also enhances Torah's other purpose, the reinforcement of one's yeitzer tov (good inclination). Dveykus, yes - but in the Torah itself, and in the pursuit of spiritual perfection, not as a means of facilitating dveykus to G-d.[19]
Perhaps the most apparent distinction may be found in the relative attitudes toward Halachic standards. Chassidus occasionally stresses values that are downplayed in the more general Halachic process. This phenomenon is manifest most famously in the area of zmanei tefilla - the time frames for prayer. Chassidus tolerated minor deviations in the pursuit of greater dveykus. Misnagdus is completely intolerant of such liberties. The pursuit of perfection demands meticulous attention to Halachic parameters.
As with all neat and simple definitions, this is an over-generalization. Many great Rebbes observed zmanei tefilla meticulously. R. Levi Yitzchok of Berditchev warned not to delay the fulfillment of Miszvot because one feels a lack of fervor (hislahavus), lest the time frame of the Mitzvah pass.[20] Yet other outstanding Rebbes justified their not abiding by the clock. R. Yisroel of Ruzhin said that time frames for Miszvot are a result of the sins of Adam, Chava and the golden calf. Tzaddikim were not involved in those sins, and are therefore not restricted by time.[21]
Other examples include the issue of dancing and clapping on Shabbos and Yom Tov, that seems to be forbidden by the Gemara in Beisza 36b. The Minchas Elazar[22] allows the practice, basing his conclusion, in part, on the rationale that Chazal only forbade these practices for those who do not utilize it for the purpose of hislahavus. In forbidding the same practices, R. Ovadia Yosef[23] notes that almost all non-Chassidic sources take no such distinction into account.[24]
R. Yitzchok Weiss[25] issued several rulings that reflect unique issues stemming from Chassidic values, including a responsum on whether the custom of offering a tikkun (a drink of whiskey) in Shul on a yahrzeit supersedes the potential problem of chametz she'avar alav haPesach (chametz that was owned by a Jew over Pesach). He rules that the value of a tikkun does not override the potential prohibitions - but not until after some discussion on the holiness of the custom to drink l'chayim. A similar thread may be discerned in a responsum[26] concerning whether an individual may leave his Shul in order to spend yom tov with his Rebbe even if as a result no minyan will remain.
Mussar's relationship with Chassidus is more complex. Mussar arose because R. Yisroel Salanter perceived that perfection in observance and scholarship did not suffice to make an individual an Adam HaShalem (a perfected individual).[27] Precisely because Mussar placed value on perfection across a broader spectrum of traits and characteristics, it might have made room for dveykus to its system of Avoda as well. Indeed, the tract that was to become Mussar's fundamental guidebook, the Mesillas Yesharim, states unequivocally (Chap. 1) that dveykus is shleymus (Chap. 26 identifies the highest level of accomplishment, kedusha with dveykus). Mussar's unique critique of Chassidus is expressed by a passage in an essay by R. Avrohom Eliyahu Kaplan contrasting the Chassidus of the Rebbe Maharash of Lubavitch and R.Yisroel's Mussar:
Mussar does not disagree with Chassidus. Mussar is often satisfied with the Jewish strength of Chassidus: its capacity not to submit to the environment; its heartfelt openness between man and fellow man that pierces petty superficial European etiquette; its readiness to dedicate itself to a lofty purpose, and so easily sacrifice for that purpose normal conditions of life; its youthful fervor in Mitzvos, which extends well into old age.
Mussar, however, has a significant criticism of Chassidus: It sees Chassidus as too external, too theoretical and abstract. The Chasid deludes himself into thinking that he is getting more out of Chassidus than he actually is. Chassidus deals with profound thoughts and great deeds, but it remains outside the essence of the Chasid. Chassidus penetrates the depths of the greatest Torah problems - both between Man and G-d and between Man and Man - but it penetrates too little the self of a person, so that he might engage in a reckoning as to where he stands in relation to his world and in relation to his obligations in his world... The average Chasid deludes himself into thinking that a nigun [melody] that he sings wells up from his heart, and that the dveykus that he experiences has its source in his soul, even though it is entirely possible that these are transient moods not associated with his true essence.
One should not judge hastily. We cannot say even to the simplest Chasid, when he experiences dveykus, that he does not truly cleave to G-d. But that constant self-critique: "Perhaps I am deluding myself;" the query that should accompany every step in life: "Have I not strayed in this instance from the path?"; and, finally, all that is encompassed in the thought that serves as a necessary precondition for Shivisi Hashem l'negdi tamid ["I have placed G-d before me always"],[28] namely, the thought, "I have placed my 'self' before me always," - all this is more prevalent in Mussar than in Chassidus...[29]
R. Dessler (in the aforementioned essay) expands considerably on this contrast. He also makes another fascinating and controversial point: The extraordinarily rigorous demands of self critique and unrelenting Emes [Truth] imposed by Mussar on its adherents made it irrelevant for common folk. They were not equipped to engage in ongoing Mussar-type Avodas Hashem. At most they could realize a peripheral sense of Kavod HaTorah [the honor of Torah] upon coming into contact with great individuals.[30] This was not enough to sustain these simpler people when confronted with the temptations of the contempoarary "American, Australian and South African" milieus. Chassidus speaks much more to the common folk. Hislahavus, dancing and drinking do not require intense soul searching. They are therefore better suited for the masses, and helped insulate the masses engaged therein against the onslaught of twentieth century temptations.
In conclusion, a loose translate R. Dessler:
In our times: The qualities of "Emet" that personified the Ba'alei Mussar [Mussar Masters] are already extinct. We no longer find individuals whose hearts are full with profound truth, with a strong and true sense of Cheshbon HaNefesh [complete and rigorous reckoning of one's spiritual status and progress]. We have reached the era of Ikvasa d'Mashicha [the final generations before the coming of Moshaich], generations that Chazal described as superficial. If we find an individual who does learn Mussar, we find that he is primarily interested in the intellect of Mussar, the profound philosophy and psychology that are linked to Mussar. Even if he learns Mussar b'hispa'alus [with the emotional impact of nigun - melody - and shinun - repetition - that R.Yisroel prescribed], rarely does this activity lead to Cheshbon HaNefesh.
Contemporary Chassidus lacks the component that was once at its core: Avodas Hashem with dveykus. All that remains is the external form of Chassidus, something that appears like hislahavus. There is nigun, but the soul of nigun is no longer. Hitlahavus in davening is almost a thing of the past.
For today's era, there remain only one alternative: To take up everything and anything that can be of aid to Yahadus; the wisdom of both Mussar and Chassidus together. Perhaps together they can inspire us to great understandings and illuminations. Perhaps together they might open within us reverence and appreciation of our holy Torah. Perhaps the arousal of Mussar can bring us to a little Chassidic hislahavus. And perhaps the hislahavus will somewhat fortify one for a Cheshbon HaNefesh. Perhaps through all these means together we may merit to ascend in spirituality and strengthen our position as Bnei Torah [adherents of a Torah centered lifestyle] with an intensified Judaism. May G-d assist us to attain all this!
As we have mentioned, cross-pollination has brought all of these pathways into contact with each other - and with us. Many great thinkers of the last century combined elements of all these schools in forging their own unique and extraordinary pathways.[31] We must understand them - and, of course, others - in our quest to understand where we have come from and where we should be going.
Kelipah, "bark," or "shell," the symbol frequently used in Kabbalah to denote "evil" and the source of sensual desires in human nature...
Kelipas nogah, "translucent shell," contains some good, and distinguished from the three completely "dark" kelipos containing no good at all. The term is based on an interpretation of the "brightness" (nogah) in Ezekiel's vision (1:4). The animal soul (nefesh ha-bahaMis) in the Jew is derived from kelipas nogah, by contrast to his "divine soul" (nefesh elokis) which is "part" of G-dliness...
I would venture that a more "mainstream" Misnagdic approach would find value, were it possible, in striving for prophecy, or any lesser form of communication with G-d. A more mainstream approach might define kedusha as R. Shimon Shkop does in the introduction to Sha'arei Yosher: "G-d created everything to fulfill His desire to benefit his creatures. G-d's will is that we follow in His path, as it is written: 'vehalachta bidirachav.' Each of us, His chosen people should, therefore, constantly strive to devote all our physical and spiritual strengths to the greater good of society... This is the definition of the Miszvah of Kedoshim Teeheyu.... that we constantly direct all our toil and effort toward the benefit of the Klal. We should not use any deed, movement, pleasure or enjoyment for any purpose that does not ultimately benefit another. We then resemble Hekdesh, something uniquely designated for some lofty purpose." It would seem that even staunch Misnagdim would regard prayer as Avoda b'Lev (service with the heart) and value emosional engagement in its dialogue with G-d.
Chassidus, on the other hand, certainly values aspiration to prophecy. Much of the Chovat HaTalmidim discusses the essential relevancy of that aspiration to our times. Chassidus would probably identify kedusha with dveykus. Kavana in tefilla would be measured by the dveykus achieved as well.
See also R. Avraham Y. Kook's discussion of the change in course that Polish Chassidus reflects, in Ma'amarei HaRe"iyah.
Converted by Andrew Scriven